Synthesize

To synthesize intends to a mass parts into another entirety. The parts are the distinctive sources, each speaking to an unmistakable view or perspectives on a specific subject. The â€Å"entire† is your exposition in which you clarify your position, considering sees from the sources that show the two sides of the issue.A synthesis paper is a review that fuses bolster from various sources that have unique perspectives. After analysis some books, watching motion pictures and taking part in a variety of class exercises, your job is to organize some of the data on all sides of a topic or a problem, make generalizations, and then present information (statistics, quotes, examples) in a rational way to defend your argument. Remind yourself that a synthesis is NOT a summing up, a comparison or a review. Similarly, as the word synthesize implies, it is a mix of various thoughts that are assembled to shape an entire keeping in mind the end goal to demonstrate a point. It is basic to comprehend what a synthesis paper is before composing it. Synthesis implies putting facts from various sources all together in one essay or presentation. Rather a synthesis is a result of an combination of what you heard/read and your capability to use this learning to expand and be there for a key thesis or argument. Learning to compose a synthesis paper is an essential skill, critical to organize and presenting data is educational and non-academic settings.Synthesis paper are normal in secondary school and school classes thus they may not be a totally new marvel to a few people. Synthesis can be also used in our everyday life. Like how individuals combine data normally to help other see the associations between things they learn; for instance, you have presumably saved a psychological information bank of the different things you've caught wind of specific teachers. On the off chance that your information bank contains a few negative remarks, you may combine that data and utilize it to enable you to choose not to take a class from that specific educator. Synthesis is identified with however not the same as order, division, or correlation and complexity. Rather than taking care of classes or discovering likenesses and contrasts, synthesis sources involves jointing them together into some sort of synchronization. Synthesis looks for pairing between materials to construct a proposal or hypothesisThey are likewise utilized as a part of the business and promoting world. Synthesis papers are arranged into: Argumentative Synthesis- this for the most part has a solid proposition explanation that holds the perspective of the author. Data from different sources is accumulated and sorted out to help the substance of the proposition. Such articles are generally found in the business world when a position paper is being composed. Review- this is a paper that talks about what has been already composed on an individual point. It offers a basic examination of what has been secured including the different sources that have been secured. It is for the most part composed inside the orders of sociology and pharmaceutical. The target of an audit paper is to animate more research in the zone of discourse. Explanatory Synthesis- the fundamental goal of this paper is to help a peruser to comprehend a point. It does this by ordering the related certainties to a specific subject and later displaying them completely to help the peruser to comprehend them.Synthesis is utilized as a part of analysis papers to look at related speculations. Research papers to fuse numerous sources. Argument papers to analyze varying perspectives and bolster a lucid claim. Understudies' papers while others guarantee that understudies consent to have their work chronicled. There are some tips for an effective synthesis essay: Establish your motivation to shape the way you need to contend and frame your postulation. The proposition is the fundamental claim or thought of your exposition. Select your sources and get comfortable with them so you can talk about them in relationship to your theory and supporting argument(s). On the off chance that you essentially quote sources without assessing them then the sources will control your paper and your group of onlookers will may confound the data. Develop an authoritative arrangement. Orchestrate something other than one source for each point; various sources will increment your validity. Take a gander at how sources may concur or can't help contradicting each other and assess which source has better rationale or greater validity. Evaluate or translate each source, at that point demonstrate the connection between the sources and your proposition. Document each source; take note of the creator and page number and additionally posting the source on the works cited page to keep away from literary theft. This must be done in the event that you quote, condense or summarize a source.There are also some strategies to consider to have an organization with your synthesis paper: Climactic order- arranges the most imperative/powerful confirmation last since this is what is recalled. Problem/solution- builds up the issue in the presentation, at that point offers a couple of arrangements. Comparison and contrasto- condenses each source and demonstrates their similitudes and contrasts. Can move from point-to-point, forward and backward between things being analyzed. Can be set into pieces, where one thing is totally talked about before proceeding onward to the following.There are some standards on writing a synthesis paper:

Enteprise risk management unilever by the example of unilever lipton Essay

Introduction More and more companies begin to understand the importance of risk management (Enterprise Risk Management, ERM) — the fields of management thanks to which business doesn’t revolve, and receive an additional boost. Still, quite recently many ERM programs were directed, mainly, to studying of already known problems, or to the assessment of all risks in a row, irrespective of their level. Though such activity also allows giving employees full-time job, it seldom brings benefit to the company focused on the result. It is obvious that conditions of business are accompanied by the huge amount of risks. Without preliminary preparation of the company, supported with the realization of the strategy, can fall a victim of any unforeseen event which will threaten their success, and it is possible, and to survival. In such time, it is very important to have the reliable ERM program which is interwoven into the fabric of strategy of the company and is integrated into its daily business activities. However, implementation of the effective ERM program is today not the simplest task. Having faced the uncertainty of prospects of changes in standard regulation and economy, many companies make considerable efforts to create the effective and purposeful program which will provide an understanding of the most important risks. Though each enterprise and branch has the specifics, there is a number of the general actions which will lead to the creation of more effective ERM program. Background information Unilever is the British and Netherlands company, one of the world leaders in the market of foodstuff and goods of household chemicals (including perfumery). Now in these segments, the company is the second in the world sales volumes. The headquarters are located in London and Rotterdam. The company is led by the board of director’s representative Michael Treschow. The executive managing director is Paul Poleman. The net income for the previous year was on the level of 5.2 billion euros. The company has more than 175 thousand employers worldwide. ERM Overview Risk management plays an essential role in the company in achieving its long-term goals. The success of the Unilever company. The overall company’s success depends on its abilities to identify and evaluate risks and opportunities generated by either business or markets the company is in. The total turnover of the company was more than â‚ ¬52.7 billion in 2016. 57% of the business being held across the world takes place in emerging markets. The company owns 13 brands, all of them have annual sales volume more than 1 billion euros per year. The company has more than 169 thousand employers worldwide. The gender structure of the company is following: 46% of managers are women and 54% are men. By 2016, over 610 Unilever sites were distributing zero non-hazardous waste to landfill. The Unilever company is number one FMCG graduate employer of choice in 34 of the 60 countries to be recruited. In 2016 Sustainable Living brands grew 40% faster than the rest of the business of the Unilever. ERM Integration with strategy Appraisal of Unilever’s Risk Management Strategies Unilever has perceived that the vast majority of the dangers presented to it might wind up noticeably material snags to the organization’s further advancement. According to this fact, it has attempted to take some viable and organized measures to distinguish and after that endeavor the key hazard administration systems for the business. There are several specific risk management strategies that are implemented with company’s mission and long-term strategy: Unilever has been carefully observing monetary markers and purchaser conduct in various territories through broad and expert research with a specific end goal to react rapidly and take new and adaptable measures to take care of the changing demand of clients. So as to manage the issue of budgetary instability, the organization has been attempting endeavors to access worldwide obligation advertises through different routes, for example, short-term or long-term debt programs. Unilever appends extraordinary importance to the change of loan cost, attempting to have distinctive sorts of budgetary administrations and adjust the dangers amongst drifting and settled rate enthusiasm after an expert forecast and appraisal of the financing cost. Regarding the remote foreign exchange rates, Unilever sets an arrangement which constrains the working organizations’ monetary outside trade exposures in order to reduce such risk. Unilever has made a progression of standards and strategies for the technique of design, producing, and retailing of items to guarantee the high requirements of items’ quality. What more Unilever has a â€Å"Sustainable Development Group† which consists of 5 external specialists, involving in the company’s strategy development. Associated Risks Conclusion References http://www.cfin.ru/finanalysis/risk/ERM.shtmlhttps://www.unilever.com/Images/risks_ar15_tcm244-477397_en.pdfhttps://www.slideshare.net/muthukum/unilevers-lipton-risk-management-with-business-intelligencehttps://www.unilever.ru/about/who-we-are/introduction-to-unilever/

Quality Management System (Quality in the work environment) Case Study Essay

Quality Management System (Quality in the work environment) Case Study - Essay Example Another reason for introduction of quality management system was the vertical integration of the oil industry. In the present world, with the increasing workload and decreasing resources, standardisation has become a major concern of the world’s oil and natural gas companies and their suppliers. It is the industry which relies highly on API standards in order to get the job done in the right way. Standardisation helps companies to move forward in the right direction besides allowing them to operate safely and reliably anywhere in the world. The standardisation efforts help to assure compliance with government equipment interchangeability to meet the needs of the global industry. (The oil and natural gas industrie’s most valuable resource 2004). Quality management system can be discerned as a series of practices that are constantly being reconsidered and to conform to the international standard. It aims at achieving first class customer service to be derived and at the least costs, and prove to the customers that the supplier in question has an organized and disciplined approach to the achieving that end. ( Fravennec, Trambouze & Baker, p.540). There are three elements of quality management systems that apply to refineries these are: Matter of culture, service to the customer as the quasi religion, implemented by a wide spread network of customer/supplier relationships as possible, based on the contractual approach and monitors by using quantified measures of satisfaction or nonsatisfaction. Technology, that aims continuous improvement which includes a system of correction and prevention of non-quality practices that are reviews by a process of regular audit and a system for continuous improvement to achieve enhancement of quality. Prescriptive, a formal system of procedures to codify, attempts to see that the incident resulting from a

Development of Herbs and ayurveda Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Development of Herbs and ayurveda - Case Study Example associate their lifestyle with fashion in health. The choice of Himalaya nourishing cream compliments the craze for fashion in India.Amongst the 720 crore market for the Indian fairness cream Himalayahealthcare wishes to acquire 2 percent market share (www.himalayahealthcare.com /search). MISSION (www.himalayahealthcare.com /mission) To establish Himalaya as a science based problem solving,head to heal brand harnessed from nature's wealth and characterised by trust and healthy lives. To develop worldwide markets and have an in-depth long-term approach maintaining highest ethical standards . To co-operate and take into consideration the talents of each member of the Himalaya family and the nearby communities in the local region where Himalayaproducts are consumed. To support the eco-friendly environment. mf.. Mohan 3 To ensure that each employee strongly reciprocates...Women besides fashion also want health and this nourishing cream fulfils their need and want because it is a gentle blend of herbal extracts that create vitality and youth for the skin. Himalaya herbal nourishing cream is light and non-greasy and provides nourishment, all day long. It protects the skin from pollution and dry weather.

Senior Students in Business Major with Higher GPA Tend to Pursue their Research Paper

Senior Students in Business Major with Higher GPA Tend to Pursue their Masters Degree - Research Paper Example It is not also sufficient to supporting a family and  meeting  of the full responsibilities involved in citizenship. In various countries, students are beginning to  attain  and surpass this  educational  achievement. Therefore, they aim at pursuing a Masters degree after attaining  high  GPA in their major. There is also the  issue related  to fast growing segments of the population in the  world. This is  where minorities and low-income students have been the least successful through the educational system.  Therefore, there is the need for improved performance in order to  sustain  the health of the  society  and  meeting  aspirations and hopes for a satisfying life. This calls for the students that have attained higher GPA to be among the best educated people in the world through pursuing the Masters degree. Additionally, the students that have the desire to achieve the best in their lives do not  set  the limits for their success. They t end to continue to the  achievement  of their full potential. These are substantial for  students  to continue with the Masters degree in order to achieve in their lives. These students understand what they  need  to  achieve  from the education systems. ... Business-Higher Education Forum (2004) explains that the businesses leaders have been persistently urging more attention to education, asserting the knowledge and  skill  of the workforce. This  is considered  to determine the economic future. This is In order to meet these expectations; nearly every student with the higher GPA  is encouraged  to enroll for the Masters degree. Different people have been  dependent  on university faculty for the discovery of new knowledge, in order to be applied it to solving the practical problems. This facilitates enhancing the community and peoples living standards. In these universities, students that have the  perfect  contribution to the provision of  knowledge  are those that are Mastering. Therefore, it would be in the desires of every student who is achieving to be associated with the  effort  of providing the  knowledge. According to Business-Higher Education Forum (2004), researchers in the field of education p ropose that among the American degree holders from the business schools foreign-born individuals’ account for 16 percent of bachelor’s degrees, 30 percent of Masters Degrees, and 29 percent of doctoral degrees (Business-Higher Education Forum, 2004). Business-Higher Education Forum (2004) explains that the immigrant students in the United States in business schools have been beneficial for their countries and the rest world. This is because many of them  seek  the Masters Degree programs for the U.S and longer rely on the imported brainpower in their countries. Therefore, there is a growing need of the students in their degree programs in various universities around the world to  pursue  the Masters degree after achieving higher GPA. The students with the higher GPA  are also encouraged  to  pursue  the Master

Violence cannot be properly understood if it is approached as an Essay

Violence cannot be properly understood if it is approached as an evolutionary aspect of human nature'. Discuss - Essay Example Research related to sociopathy and psychopathy shows that violent activities are generally committed by individuals whose psychological functioning is different from normal individuals, which leads to the fact that violence should not be understood as an evolutionary aspect of human nature because there is a causal relationship between abnormal brain chemistry and violence. This paper intends to discuss this thesis statement. Violence cannot be understood as an Evolutionary Aspect of Human Nature Ferguson (2008, p.321) defines aggression or aggression control as evolutionary or adaptive traits of human nature; but, when he talks about violent behavior or violent anti-social behavior, he asserts that it is such an â€Å"aggressive behavior that is excessive or uncontrolled and results from either of two pathways† which include instrumental violence and reactive violence. The former type is related to â€Å"genetic contributions to aggressive personality traits† (Ferguson ) while the second type involves biological deficiency or damage in the impulse control system. Thus, we prove that violent behavior can be better understood if it is approached through genetic or biological aspects of human nature rather than evolutionary aspects. However, we cannot totally ignore the evolutionary aspects of human nature being responsible for violence. ... Among children, there are many psychological disorders that convert into violent behavior. Youth Violence (2001), A Report of the Surgeon General, has suggested that there are two developmental pathways leading to violence: Early- and Late-Onset Trajectories. â€Å"Children who commit their first serious violent act before puberty are in the early-onset group, whereas youths who do not become violent until adolescence are in the late-onset group† (Youth Violence, 2001). Disorders like Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) which, at later stages, gets converted into Conduct Disorder, and Antisocial Personality Disorder are also responsible for the development of violence in one’s personality. The causes of ODD are mainly biological in addition to evolutionary. Damage or injuries to specific delicate areas of a child’s brain can cause his behavior to suffer which is a biological cause for ODD. Neurotransmitters, that are chemicals present in the brain, can also be he ld responsible for ODD as their abnormal levels in the brain hinder with the proper communication of neurons with each other causing their messages to not being transmitted throughout the nervous system. The presence of other psychiatric disorders like ADHD or mood disorders also initiates the occurrence of ODD in the child’s behavior. Studies have blamed the chemical serotonin to be chiefly responsible for oppositional, defiant, hostile and violent behavior. Aggression and violent behavior that occurs after puberty also involve abnormality in the hormone, testosterone. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is a psychiatric condition in which the individual becomes violent and violates other people’s rights because APD snatches away

Chapter 13 & 14 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 13 & 14 - Assignment Example The company has been developing new product according to taste and preference and food habits of different geographic segment. But the main aim is to standardize its products globally. This is why the company successfully adopted the concept of think global, act local. Quality of the product ensures its shorter supply chain to get fresh raw food and vegetable products. The company currently has more than 24,500 outlets across the globe and high availability of its product through its worldwide presence enforces the demand and also brand recognition (MacDonald, 2009, p.15). Though the company faces completion from regional players in different regional market but it has segmented brand as premium food and service brand. McDonalds adapts ‘glocal’ i.e. an integrated mix of global and local for its global workforce. All restaurants of this brand consist of local workforce who better understand the demand of the local customers. Physical evidence of this brand is represented by its single message in all the restaurants in the world. Structure and environment of the restaurants, processing of foods and the way of service of the employees in the restores are similar in all McDonald restaurants. High focus on customer service along with the product quality has made it a leading food service brand in the world. The Ritz-Carlton is one of the leading hotel brands in the world. It is recognized for its premium quality of service especially the employees try their best to help in anticipated needs or desire. Service quality is the only area where the leading brands compete with each other. Ritz Carlton provides high quality of training program to its employees to provide best quality service to the customers. This brand always tries to provide unique service quality so that it can drive for future retention of the customers. Key differences are employees training programs, importance on customer satisfaction and service values. Mayo Clinic

A report (maximum of 1500 words) describing your current understanding Essay

A report (maximum of 1500 words) describing your current understanding of BIM (Building Information Modelling) and its use in the Civil Engineering - Essay Example The processes associated with building information modeling (BMI) are linked to infrastructure and new buildings and have extended potential in refurbishment and retrofit projects especially when rapid energy analysis and laser scanning are employed. The technology associated with BMI is considered an association between software industry and construction sectors with and aim at developing an environment for synergies and opportunities. Building information modeling aids in managing and generating data during construction life cycle. The approach utilizes real time, three dimensional and dynamic building modeling software to increase construction and building design productivity. The process has gives rise to BMI (Building information model) which encompasses spatial relationships, building geometry, geographic information, properties and quantities of building components. Building information modeling has various benefits such as improved visualization, reduced costs, increased productivity as a result of easy access to information, and improved delivery speed, improved coordination of documents associated with construction and linking and embedding of vital information for instance location of details, vendors of specific materials and quantities required for tendering and estimation (Crotty, 2012). Building information modeling extends beyond the computer assisted design and software since it involves designing and shaping. It is an architectural process that entails construction and virtual design and connects and integrates information by utilization of technology. BMI software such as Revit, Tekla and Microstation allows construction of a three dimensional model by the design team. The virtual approach integrates structural, electrical, mechanical and architectural. The process applies to interior fit out, master planning, infrastructure projects and building architecture. During the phase of construction, building

Psychological Effects one can have due to Sleep Deprivation Essay Example for Free

Psychological Effects one can have due to Sleep Deprivation Essay According to Kozier et Al. (2002), sleep is the state of being conscious wherein there is a decrease of perception, and reaction to the environment of an individual (p. 953). Sleep exerts physiologic effects on both the nervous systems and other body structures and also it restores normal levels of activity and balance among parts of the nervous systems (p. 956). There are two types of sleep, NREM sleep and REM sleep, NREM sleep or non-REM sleep is a deep, restful sleep and some physiologic functions were decreased. It is also referred to as a low wave sleep because when a person sleeps the brain waves tends to slow than the alpha and beta waves of an awake person. NREM sleep is divided into four stages: stage 1- very light sleep wherein the person feels drowsy and relaxed, stage 2- light sleep that will last only from ten to fifteen minutes, stage 3- domination of parasympathetic nervous systems that slows down the heart and respiratory rates as well as other body processes and sometimes snoring may occur and the fourth stage will be the deep sleep is thought to restore the body physically, dreams and rolling of the eyes may occur in this stage. Another type of sleep is the REM sleep or the rapid eye movement sleep that constitutes 25% of sleep of a young adult and usually recurs every ninety minutes and lasts five to thirty minutes. On the other hand, dreams in REM sleep were usually remembered because it is consolidated in the memory (pp. 953-954). There are many factors that may affect sleep of an individual, quality of sleep and quantity of sleep were both affected by a number of factors. The quality of sleep is the ability of an individual to stay asleep and to get the required amount of REM and NREM sleep while the quantity of sleep is the total time the individual sleeps. Age, environment fatigue, life style, psychological stresses are just some of the factors that indeed affects the sleep of an individual (p. 956). Literature Review In an internet article, they listed six persons that have a contribution in sleep research. A French Scientist Henri Pieron authored a book entitled â€Å"Le probleme physiologique du sommeil,† which was the first text to examine sleep from a physiological perspective. This work is usually regarded as the beginning of the modern approach to sleep research. Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, now known as the â€Å"Father of American sleep research,† he started working in Chicago in the 1920’s questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms. Kleitman’s crucial work included studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and the effect of sleep deprivation. Another contributor is questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms. Kleitman’s crucial work included studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and the effect of sleep deprivation. Dr. William C. Dement extended Dr. Kleitman’s path of research. Dement described the â€Å"cyclical† nature of nocturnal sleep in 1955, and in 1957 and ’58 established the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. In 1958, he published a paper explaining that in a sleeping cat there is a cyclic organization existence, thus creating an explosion of fundamental research that gathers researchers from different fields of specialty. For the next 20 years, Michel Jouvet leads to an identification of REM sleep as an independent state of alertness, which he called â€Å"paradoxical sleep. Another one is H. Gastaut and his colleagues discovered the presence of apnea during sleep in a subgroup of â€Å"Pickwickian† patients (1965) that lead them to an outbreak of investigations of the control exercised by the â€Å"sleeping brain† on the body’s vital functions. His work eventually led to the new discipline of â€Å"sleep medicine† (A brief history of sleep research, â€Å"n. a. †). Sleep deprivation and its causes According to Kozier et Al. (2002), sleep deprivation is only one out of many common sleep disorders. They defined sleep deprivation as a syndrome of prolonged disturbance that leads the amount, quality, and consistency of sleep to decrease and thus produces a variety of physiologic and behavioral symptoms, its harshness will depend on the degree of the deprivation. Again there are two types of sleep deprivation REM and NREM deprivation, the combination of the two deprivation increases the severity of symptoms. Alcohol, barbiturates, shift work, jet lag, extended ICU hospitalization, morphine, and meperidine hydrochloride are the causes of REM deprivation, while all of the causes of REM deprivation plus diazepam flurazepam hydrochloride, hypothyroidism, depression, respiratory distress disorders, sleep apnea, and age causes NREM deprivation, and both REM and NREM deprivation is caused from the combination of both REM and NREM deprivation causes (p. 959). Another cause of sleep deprivation is from the psychological stress wherein anxiety and depression frequently disturb sleep. A person can’t relax adequately to get to sleep if he or she is having a personal problem. Another factor is alcohol and stimulants, people who drinks alcohol excessively has the higher rates of sleep disturbances. Alcohol disrupts REM sleep even though it fastens the onset of sleep. Diet- weight loss is accompanied with reduced total sleep time as well as broken sleep and earlier awakening. Smoking, cigarettes contains nicotine that has stimulating effects on the body and may cause in difficulty of falling asleep. Motivation, person’s desire to stay awake can cause a fatigue, and illness, an ill person is more prone to sleep deprivation, in their condition they need to have more sleep, but a patient in a hospital is disturb by their time to take their medicines, and respiratory conditions can also disturb sleep thus disturbing their total time of sleep a person is required to have (p. 956). Psychological and physical effects of sleep deprivation  The effects of sleep deprivation to the body is like a chain reaction, its main target is the brain, since the brain is the control unit of the body, the brain controls and is responsible for the homeostasis of the body, once the brain is affected many imbalances may occur. For REM deprivation excitability, restlessness, irritability, increased sensitivity to pain, confusion and suspiciousness, and emotional liability can possibly be the effects. For NREM deprivation one may show hyporesponsiveness, withdrawal, apathy, feeling physically uncomfortable, lack of facial expression, and speech deterioration. For both REM and NREM deprivation, inattentiveness, decreased reasoning ability and the ability to concentrate, marked fatigue manifested by blurred vision, itchy eyes, nausea, headache, difficulty in performing activities of daily living, lack of memory, mental confusion, visual or auditory hallucinations and illusions can be its primary effects to one’s both psychological and physical aspect of a person. Since stress is one of the major factor affecting sleep deprivation whether it’s psychological or physical stress. As you think more and focuses your mind into the problem, your mind will become more fatigue (p. 959). Based on the book by Biron et Al. (2006), stress may lead to some psychological problems and may interfere with effective intrapersonal and the intrapersonal behavior of the individual. A person experiencing prolonged stressful events may suffer from feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and consequently, undermining his self esteem. Impaired task performance is another effect of stressful mind; it interferes with our ability to successfully perform a task and responsibilities expected. And disruption of cognitive functioning, people who are under stress are likely to experience loss of concentration, disorientation, and forgetfulness (pp. 184-185). Treatment for sleep deprived persons According to the book made by Kushida (2005), pregnant women are also prone to sleep deprivation. In treating sleep deprivation for pregnant women, they recommended seven treatments to minimize maternal and fetal health risk: a) women should try to seep on the left side and avoid sleeping in supine position.  Avoiding it will ease the stress of the heart, will reduce constriction of the space available to the fetus, will reduce pressure to the inferior vena cava that carries blood back to the heart from the feet and legs, b) if symptoms of RLS are present, consider an evaluation of ferritin, hemoglobin, and folate levels and supplement when indicated, c) treat sleeping- disordered breathing with CPAP, d) avoid staying in bed when unable to seep, e) address anxiety provoking issues to reduce overall level of arousal, f) Consider regular exercise, pregnant women who exercise three times a week for at least thirty minutes have less insomnia and anxiety than pregnant women who do not exercise, and g) treat psychophysiological insomnia with empirically supported cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (p. 185). Another form of treatment is discussed by Greist and Jefferson (1992), psychosurgery is a rare treatment; it is not then advisable if other treatments have not been tested to a patient. Careful neurosurgical interruption of brain pathways has been shown that fifty percent of patients has been helped to this kind of treatment (pp. 79-80). Conclusion: Sleep is really a helpful in obtaining our health; it restores our body’s energy. Sleep deprivation is not really a syndrome but an effect due to some disturbances, stress, and anxiety that makes our brain to send signal to our body to be awake, an unnecessary awakening that affects our total time of sleep.  When our body is stressful or lack of average sleep needed by each individual, our brain do not work properly thus affecting our lifestyle, our ability to think and cope up with problems, and then other diseases may occur if not immediately taken to concern, because stress attacks our brain and knowing that our brain is the control center of our body. Recommendation: If sleeplessness and the listed signs and symptoms occur, it will be a clever decision if you consult a Doctor immediately prior to health concern. It is also a best way if symposiums will be conducted or seminars that discuss about Sleep deprivation to school and or universities so that students and educators will be aware to the effects of sleep deprivation that one can possibly have due to body exhaustion and abuse.

Methods of Interrogation Essay Example for Free

Methods of Interrogation Essay An important component on a methodical approach to criminological research is the aspect of investigation. Utilizing the techniques of interview and investigation, it is primarily bordered by government policies and social regulations. The techniques employed by both draws heavily from the studies of psychology and sociology, as a tool to facilitate the enforcement of law in the society. In probing towards a case, the objective of the entire investigation would be to ascertain the details of the crime that would eventually lead to the offender’s arrest and meet its just punishment. But before this could be achieved, investigators had to go first through the process of discovering and identifying the criminal. Upon the offender’s positive identification, law enforcers or investigators go the tedious process of locating the criminal and establish his responsibility over the crime before the court. In whatever stage the investigation may be in, whether in the process of identification, location, or court litigation, the investigator relies heavily on gathered information that could be extracted through techniques of interview and interrogation. With the fast development of technology used in crime investigation, the method of interview and interrogation might be perceived as having of no use. However, investigators still continue to depend on these methods particularly on cases wherein there is scarce or no physical evidence to work on. II. Reasons for Conducting an Interview or Interrogation The basic reason for utilizing interview or interrogation is to obtain information. The endpoint would be for the investigator to bring a subject to admit or confess of having done a crime. The objective of the entire course of investigation of course, is to arrive at the truth of the situation. Specifically, these are: †¢ Provoke the guilty to confess †¢ Allows the investigator to narrow down the list of suspected criminals †¢ To identify the facts and know the circumstances surrounding the crime †¢ To establish the identity of all those who are involved of the crime †¢ To gather information that would help locate physical evidence †¢ Gather information that would lead to hideouts, crime operations, organizations or individuals involved, especially crimes involving drug trafficking †¢ Gather information that could be used as reference for future investigation †¢ It is also utilized as a pre-test and post-test in conducting polygraph tests of suspected criminals (Aubry, Caputo. 1980) III. Difference Between Interview and Interrogation The nature or circumstances by which an interview and interrogation is used vastly differ, although the terms are frequently associated together. Interviews are carried out in a more genial atmosphere. The person from whom information is taken out is set to feel at ease. It is assumed that when a person feels no anxiety or unthreatened by person questioning, the greater the tendency that a person would speak more and thus give out more information. An interview is usually used by an investigator towards a possible witness. On the other hand, when a person is subjected to sever psychological (and sometimes physical) pressure, placing the person in great discomfort, such method is called an interrogation. This is usually employed when the one being questioned is uncooperative. The investigator uses psychological warfare, to gain control and force a confession over the person. Success in interrogation is achieved when the investigator has learned to skillfully practice it both as a technique and art. Conducting an investigation requires a good understanding of human behavior as well as knowing how to influence the situation by acting, since the person being questioned could range from a respected professional, a teenager, or even as young as a child. It is highly relevant to the success of the case that the investigator know how to adapt to the varying demands of the circumstances. A. Methods of Interrogation In conducting interrogation, it is important that the subject be properly classified whether it is an emotional or non-emotional offender. The classification dictates the course of action that the investigator will undertake his approach towards the offender. †¢ Emotional Offender In carrying out an interrogation under this classification is much easier, compared to a non-emotional offender. Often emotional offenders commit a crime out of passion, therefore most are first-time offenders. They are driven by strong emotions in committing the crime such as jealousy, lust, or anger. The investigator will find it easier to drive him to confession by dealing through his emotions. There are a variety of ways with which this can be done. The investigator primarily wins the confidence of the offender by demonstrating sympathy or compassion, and being pleasant where hostility was expected (i. e. giving a cup of coffee). It is also vital that overt reactions towards the crime or any association, reference to it be closely observed. An emotional, first-time offender would less likely be good at hiding his emotions. When lying, his tension would easily be observable. The tension in his body will lead to dryness in the mouth. The offender might relieve himself of the tension by playing with his fingers or by tapping his foot. Frequently, lying goes with poor eye contact. When confronted by hard data proving his guilt, emotional offenders often break down for confession.

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction

Impact of Organisational Retrenchment Strategies on Job Satisfaction This mixed-methods study conducted a survey and a follow-up focus group with employees of the Uganda Public Service in order to ascertain the impact of asset retrenchment on job satisfaction. The Uganda Public Service has made a number of organizational moves, especially in recent years, to make non-productive and/or corrupt employees redundant and to bring greater efficiencies to the public sector by directing workers to where they fit best in the organization. Naturally, these retrenchment policies have created a lot of change. However, this study discovered that retrenched workers who remained in the Uganda Public Service was not less likely to be satisfied or motivated than non-affected colleagues. Moreover, job satisfaction for retrenched workers remained constant even when controlling for variables of age, gender, and education. The Uganda Public Service likely erred in pushing through retrenchment without a formal change management strategy, as this study found that employees who had not been properly informed and/or prepared for the change were substantially less likely to be satisfied than those workers who had been prepared. One plausible reason that retrenched workers were not dissatisfied by the changes brought about by resentment may have to do with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, which posits that workers who are laboring for emotional satisfaction are more satisfied than those who strive for money alone. As the qualitative aspect of this study revealed, employees of the Uganda Public Service are highly likely to be providers for others, and therefore prize their jobs for giving them this ability to support others, even though retrenchment may bring change and stress. The conclusion is that Third World workforces may need to be approached via different theoretical means that are more sensitive to the non-hygienic aspects of Two-Factor Theory. Declaration of Originality I hereby declare that this thesis has been composed by myself and has not been presented or accepted in any previous application for a degree. The work, of which this is a record, has been carried out by myself unless otherwise stated and where the work is mine, it reflects personal views and values. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information have been acknowledged by means of references including those of the Internet. I agree that the University has the right to submit my work to the plagiarism detection service TurnitinUK ® for originality checks. Nastasia Michail February 10, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS 50 5.0 INTRODUCTION 50 5.1KEY FINDINGS 50 5.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 51 5.3MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS 52 5.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH 53 5.5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 54 5.6 CONCLUSION 55 REFERENCE LIST 63 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor Professor Paul Tosey, for his guidance and critical eye during the dissertation process. Professor Tosey challenged me to think outside the box and kept me focused on the specific topic. Furthermore, I would like to thank my mother and father, Shah and Nazir, and my brother Nabeel for only being a phone call away and being able to cheer me up and motivate me when it counted the most. Finally, I would like to thank my friends who supported me and who listened to me no matter what time of day. This dissertation has allowed me to  combine the concepts  I  gained from my Undergraduate and Masters Degree and is an insight into the learning that has taken place over the last five years. Although a daunting task, this dissertation has helped me learn more about myself and my hope is my research will make a meaningful contribution to the existing literature. CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction: This chapter will discuss the results of the findings of the research study ( as presented in Chapter four), in relation to past literature as reviewed in chapter two; for the purpose of examining whether our research has achieved its set objectives. It will also make recommendations on areas in which future research can be focused and set out limitations encountered in the course of the research. 5.2.0 Discussion of Findings Analysis of results carried out in chapter four indicated that the entire alternative hypothesis should be accepted. This section will therefore attempt to relate our research results with past research work. 5.2.1 Hypothesis One: Relationship Between Retrenchment and Job Satisfaction The two hypotheses to be tested here is whether any relationship exists between retrenchment and job satisfaction or whether there is none at all. Results as analysed in Table 4.7 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction Figure 4. 5 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction also demonstrate that retrenchment has a negative impact on satisfaction. The results from our qualitative research did not however agree with that of the quantitative; its own result suggested that the job satisfaction of majority of the retrenched workers remained constant both before retrenchment and after retrenchment; this could be due to the fact that survivors were already appreciative of the fact that they even had a job to keep both body and soul together and to take care of some dependents; this in itself is a satisfaction to them. Quantitive results was in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed the result of our survey tool, that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones This result for this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.2 Hypothesis Two: Physical Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short -term The null hypothesis here is that retrenchment has negative physical impact while the alternative hypothesis is that retrenchment has positive physical impact in the short-term on survivors. Results as seen in table 4.8 and fig 4.6 suggests that retrenchment only averagely physically impacted the survivors of the exercise; as also demonstrated in the table. Qualitative results of study for this variable illustrated that workers whose pay were reduced because their job responsibility also reduced had to look for additional sources of income to meet up with their needs; this also put more stress on them physically and sometimes affect their health. Denga (1987) had also earlier reported that retrenching workers led to series of psycho-social problems for the retrenched and Burke (1998) discovered that stress could be induced in survivors by organisational retrenchment and a decline in job security. 5.2.3 Hypothesis three: Emotional Impact of Retrenchment on Survivors in the Short Term There are two hypotheses here also: which is that retrenchment has no effect on the emotional status of survivors and that retrenchment affects the emotional status of survivors. This was measured in the questionnaire research tool and analysis of results in table 4.9 suggests that the emotional status of remaining workers were affected by the retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public service. Even though, what is known as survivors syndrome that sets in after every retrenchment was not observed in this case study has previously reported by numerous authors (Kandula 2004 and Kupec 2010. This could be because workers in Uganda have developed a thick skin already to hard situations and so are not easily intimidated by sudden changes or hard situations. The qualitative results added another dimension to the emotional impact of retrenchment as some of the workers were not emotionally affected due to the fact that they were just re-deployed and they perceived this as a lesser evil than been fired or having a pay reduction. This factor made this set of people appreciate their jobs the more counting themselves as lucky and therefore working harder. While those workers of the Ugandan Public Service whose pays were reduced because their responsibilities too were reduced admitted to been emotionally affected for they have to look for means of adjusting to the new pay; this will involve either reducing their living expenses, looking for another job or extra jobs to supplement existing ones or getting into debts for those ones who cannot just cope. The findings however still reveal that survivors of the retrenchment strategy embarked on by the Uganda Public Service still felt insecure knowing fully well that it can be their turn too someday or soon, some also indicated that work which should be shared amongst many now became the burden of the remaining survivors therefore affecting them both physically and emotionally. Figure 4.6: which is also a scatter diagram representation of the relationship between emotional status of retrenchment survivors agree to the hypothesis that retrenchment affects the emotional health of the population 5.2.4. Hypothesis Four: Effect of Retrenchment on Motivation level in the Short Term The two hypotheses here is that retrenchment did not affect workers motivation level in the short term or that retrenchment affected workers motivation level in the short-term. Results as analysed in table 5.0 show that there is a negative relationship between retrenchment and motivation level in the short term, i.e. as retrenchment level in the Uganda Public Service increases, the motivation level decreases in the short-term. This suggests that retrenchment causes apathy within the public service under study, leading to a decrease in morale and motivation; subsequently reducing performance. The short-term here could be the two months or thereabout period when the incident just occurred. This agrees with the findings of Cook and Warr (1979) who had reported that retrenchment makes workers apathetical and so reduces their morale and motivation. This majorly impacts on the job satisfaction of the survivors who either believe it can be their own turn any day soon or feel they will be overburdened by having to also handle the jobs of the retrenched or the redeployed. Workers commitment does not improve after retrenchment as they will be de-motivated by recent occurrences. Tolkman 1991 also reported that Retrenchment may create demoralization, dampen organizational productivity and increase voluntary retrenchment, discourage the organizations most talented and productive members who will end up leaving the organizations Hertzbert (1966) and Maslow (1993) asserted that motivation is directly linked to job satisfaction and that motivators include; a sense of achievement, effort recognition, the nature of the work itself, and the desire for responsibility; they also both agreed that money or pay is down in the list. They both agreed that Job satisfaction is one major factor to determine amongst other factors the employees motivation which impacts heavily on production capacities as well as employees turnover. Employers whose institutions have little or no job satisfaction will always experience high turnovers as employees seek employment in other areas in pursuit of job satisfaction. Qualitative results of this experiment for this particular variable however suggests that the retrenchment effect of reduced motivation was only temporal and that workers morale was not permanently depressed; this is because their motivation in the first instance derived from the fact that they had a job which will cater for the needs of the family and since this urge has not reduced, their motivation will tend to be constant as long as they are not sent home. 5.2.5 Hypothesis Five: Effect of Retrenchment on Satisfaction level in the Short- Term The two tested hypothesis here is whether retrenchment of workers in the Uganda Public Service affects the level of their job satisfaction in the short-term or whether it does not affect satisfaction in the short term. Results as analysed in Table 5.10 clearly indicates that the null hypothesis should be rejected this means that we are accepting the alternative hypothesis that there is a relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short term Figure 4. 8 showing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retrenchment and job satisfaction in the short-term also demonstrates that retrenchment has a negative impact on job satisfaction level of the Ugandan Public Service only on the short term; as one increases, the other decreases slightly as retrenchment strategies increases, on the short-term, job satisfaction level decreases slightly. This is in line with Herzbergs (1966) Two-Factor theory, Maslow (1993) and Vrooms (1964) theories of worker satisfaction, they all predicted that retrenchment hurts job satisfaction along two separate but complementary axes. Cook and War (1979) also confirmed that human asset retrenchment affects job satisfaction amongst the remaining workers leading to insecurity feelings amongst some of the workers and perceived over-burdening of the remaining ones. This result of this study which is in line with past research as cited for the above literatures suggests that the retrenchment strategies embarked upon by the Uganda Public Service as studied in relation to those re-deployed or with altered job description as a measure to curtail the rising corruption level has negatively impacted the job satisfaction of both the workers who were re-deployed and the remaining workers in service. 5.2.6 Hypothesis Six: Relationship between Survivors Syndrome and Job Satisfaction Null hypothesis here is that there is no relationship between survivors syndrome and job satisfaction while the alternative hypothesis is that there is a relationship between both. Results as analysed in table 5.20 favours accepting the alternative hypothesis. Result illustrated in fig 4.10 also suggested that retrenchment could lead to survivors syndrome This is in line with past research carried out by Kandular (2004). Although, as earlier said the survivors syndrome was not observed in the case study. It could be because the Ugandan workers have developed a thick skin by reason of experience to harsh social and economic circumstances encountered since birth, and are not as physically susceptible as Western workers when it comes to certain kinds of work-related stress; after all, the reality is that many of these workers experience all forms of stress as a daily condition of their lives in Uganda. Thus, survivors syndrome might be more apt to describe the experience of workers in more developed economies and more stable social climates and not in developing countries. Qualitative assessment of responses from case study however, confirmed that many of the affected people agreed that retrenchment in whatever form either as re-deployment, or reduced pay due to reduced job responsibilities can be traumatic and even decidedly more when it is un-expected or much time is not allowed for victims to prepare for it. 5.2.7 Qualitative Data The use of qualitative method of research in this study assisted in achieving or projecting a good picture of the impact of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service. Respondents perception of the retrenchment exercise and effect were adjudged through relevant questions as highlighted in Appendix 3 using the qualitative focus group questions to access age gender and educational status impact on the variables of motivation, satisfaction, physical and emotional health and survivors syndrome of retrenched workers in the Public Service. It was discovered using the qualitative research method that age of workers affected the way in which they viewed the retrenchment strategies; that is, different age groups had different impressions of the exercise. The younger generation saw the exercise as fair since it forced the older generations out of the system. This is because the older ones were not working maximally as a result of reduced energy or strength or because they felt their even being in the position in the first place was not totally based on merit. The Older ones on the other hand did not seem to mind the strategies that much and felt that Opportunities should be given to them to hand-over their skills to the generation behind them before been ushered out of the system. Similarly, gender also had its own twist to the responses; it was observed that all the factors had more impact on female workers than male workers. Females with additional responsibility due to redeployment or retrenchment suffered more physically and emotionally as they also had more responsibility on the home front together with their office jobs. Effect on the males was also pronounced where the new situation imposed on them female bosses and majority whose ego could not adapt to such welcomed the retrenchment exercise as a way out; for they would rather be retrenched than to be submitting to female bosses. Lastly, majority of respondents agreed that retrenchment as carried out by the Ugandan Public Service was not on the basis of education; as their level of education was not considered as a factor in the process. Although, there were some isolated causes of faster promotion or senior position attainment after the exit of some workers as reported by a few of the respondents, this however was not the rule or norm; it was only a flash in the pan. The qualitative results in general, suggested that motivation and satisfaction of the retrenched workers that survived the retrenchment exercise was only affected on the short-term because things went back to status quo. The major reason for this can be attributed to the fact that workers motivation and satisfaction in Uganda derived majorly from the fact that they even have a job that will help them in meeting their daily family needs. All this findings is supported by Maslow (1993) hierarchy of needs and assertion where basic needs such as food, water, e.t.c. are crucial and the first instincts that people try to protect before any other things will follow. However, Hertzberg (1966) noted that people can only be truly and genuinely satisfied and motivated when they climb up to the highest height of the Maslows pyramid which is the height of self-actualisation and that huge satisfaction does not derive from hygienic needs alone. 5.2.8. Research objectives and aims Going by the results, analysis of the results and discussion of the results of the research work, it can be seen that the major objective of the research has been accomplished. The purpose of this study was to access the effect of the retrenchment strategies of the Uganda Public Service on the Job satisfaction of its workers. Through the use of questionnaires, surveys and interviews, we have effectively measured this and therefore can make useful recommendations to its management in the future 5.3 Implications for Management Organisations have different reasons for embarking on retrenchment; it might be to downsize in order to cut cost if it is having internal crises or just to remove dead weight and to improve the quality of service. Whichever reason, management decides to retrench; one thing they should keep in mind is that retrenchment does not occur as a stand alone event, it drags along whether reluctantly or not but surely some other outcomes. This research work has established a clear relationship between job satisfaction, motivation and retrenchment, no matter how little or short termed it appears to be and this will definitely affect the organisational goals and objectives if not well monitored. The clear implication of the findings of this research study for the management of the organisation understudy or even for all management hierarchies is diverse and variable. Retrenchment exercises should be undertaken with great caution and planning as its affects the morale of workers and anything that affects a work forces morale, if not sorted out fast, will definitely affect performance. Unplanned and poorly implemented retrenchment strategies can lead to physical and emotional unbalance for affected and non-affected staff, poor innovation, discipline and efficiency problems, bring demoralization, contribute to other workers retiring or resigning voluntarily, dispirit the most talented staffs which can lead to their exit; all these will together hinder the organisation from achieving its goal. Retrenching undisciplined, inefficient and incorrigible workers can serve as a warning to other workers; alerting them to sit up and face their work squarely or else they know the implication of not doing otherwise; nevertheless caution and planning should be rigorous so as not to send wrong signals to truly devoted and talented staff 5.4 Research Limitations Problems that were encountered in this research that served as limitations were that of Scheduling: Research could not measure long- term effect of retrenchments on staff and even the short- termed effect measured were not carried out immediately after the retrenchment experience. The impacts of the retrenchment exercise therefore depended on the timing of the experiment to the period of the incidence Research could not measure the impact on staff that were sent home , accessing them would be difficult Time constraints: research required a longer time period due to time taken to obtain the approval and consent of the relevant parties; this affected the length of the project and increased the budget. Another limitation perceived or encountered in the study is that which relates to respondents evaluating or reporting on their own selves; this can be biased and not entirely accurate; therefore affecting results of the research . 5.5 Recommendations for Management Behn, (1980) suggested that organisations should have a corporate strategy for the successful implementation of its retrenchment activities. This paper would also like to adopt such suggestions amongst others; which include Retrenchment basis or rationale should be communicated clearly to staff/affected workers so as to reduce negative impact of the exercise or to avoid sending wrong signals of job insecurity to workers. Objectivity should be employed in applying this basis and retrenchment should not be encouraged as a punitive measure majorly. Measures such as preparation of the minds of affected worker, training and counselling courses and seminars on entrepreneurship and life after retirement especially by the government, are good ways of preparing workers for uncertainties of the future. Generally speaking, organisations should adopt a culture of good welfare schemes such as loan assistance, various allowances, good pay, good career prospects and opportunities, mandatory career trainings, good working environment and working tools e.t.c to their staff, such that when retrenchment acts which is inevitable occurs; it would be understandable to the fair minds 5.6 Recommendation for further research Errors due to inability of participants to vividly remember occurrences usually trait the retrospective research method that was used for this work, therefore for future studies a stronger design can be considered in designing the experiment. A time series design will more likely to be appropriate. It is also recommended for future research that scheduling of this kind of study can be controlled for by planning studies to coincide with retrenchment time and also observing the constructs for a longer time period; so as to measure the long-term and short-term impacts of retrenchment in general CONCLUSION The implication of Retrenchment is quite considerable for all related parties; the management, the survivors and the retrenched, all do feel the great impact of this exercise; but the impact can be minimised if better planned for and strategically implemented. Retrenchment affect job satisfaction, motivation to work, either on short-term or long-term basis, physical health and emotional health of workers; therefore planning and preparation for this exercise is crucial to minimising its effect on all stakeholders.

Effect of Personality, Biases, and Organizational Factors in Management

The study of effective management reveals it is complex and can be a difficult balancing act even with training and experience. An effective manager needs to be able to lead and motivate their team while improving the organization’s standing and their own skills. Both conscious and unconscious factors may positively or negatively affect a manager’s success. A manager’s personality and biases as well as organizational culture and norms are just some of those factors. This paper will explore the effects of personality, biases, and organizational factors on the role of management utilizing the interview of, and the writer’s personal experience as an employee of, Chase Branch Manager, Regina Geis. Considerations The complexities of what makes an effective manager are numerous and have evoked many studies resulting in several theories. The main considerations that will be explored in this paper are personality, biases, and organizational factors. Five Factor Model. The Five Factor Model (FFM) is a widely agreed upon method for defining personality traits and will be used for the purpose of this paper. The five factors and the associated traits are: †¢ Openness to experience: inventiveness, curiosity, and adventurousness †¢ Conscientiousness: discipline, efficiency, and organization †¢ Extraversion: outgoing, energetic, and talkative †¢ Agreeableness: generosity, compassion, and optimism †¢ Neuroticism: pessimism, emotional instability, and negative emotions. Traditionally, these factors are measure by low to high levels in an individual. Only one high-level factor will be attributed to the interviewee once review of the interview is performed. Biases. Biases or heuristics are preconceived notions that are created through differe... ...., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J.B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research. Journal of Management, 26 (3), 513–563 Pronin, E. (2006). Perception and misperception of bias in human judgment. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 11(1), 37-43. Retrieved from http://psych.princeton.edu/psychology/research/pronin/pubs/2007%20Bias%20Perception.pdf Riley, S. (2005). Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation applied to the motivational techniques within financial institutions. (Senior Honors Theses, Eastern Michigan University). Retrieved from commons.emich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&context=honors Robbins, S. P., De Cenzo, D. A., & Coulter, M. (2013). Fundamentals of management (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 9780132620536

Fate and the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeares Play E

Fate and the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeare's Play Before judging to what extent Fate was responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, we must first answer the question: what is fate? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, fate is the 'inevitable destiny or necessity destined term of life; doom.' On a more basic level, fate can be described as a preplanned sequence of events influencing one's life. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, is it true to say that Fate was the sole contributor to the deaths of the young couple, or was their demise brought about by the mistakes of others? In the modern world, most people choose to believe that they have a sense of responsibility and can control their own lives. They suppose that their problems are caused by the actions of themselves or those influencing them. From one viewpoint, it is true to say that the deaths of Romeo and Juliet were caused by the mistakes made by themselves and others: the influence of fate was almost nonexistent. Four characters in the play intensely manipulate the tragic path of the young couple: (apart from Romeo and Juliet themselves) Mercutio, the Nurse, Tybalt and the Friar. Mercutio, one of Romeo's friends and a supporter of the Montague household, changed the course of events by encouraging Romeo to go the Capulet's masquerade and duelling with Tybalt in town. If Mercutio had not encouraged Romeo to go to the Capulet's dance, the couple would never have met and their deaths would have been averted. But was Romeo destined to meet Juliet, regardless of the actions of others? If Mercutio had not taunted Tybalt in town whilst out with Ro... ...tement does not make Juliet feel any better however, as she promptly commits suicide! Shakespeare again chooses to place the blame on a higher power rather than an individual, signifying his desire to make the audience believe that no one person or thing was responsible for the deaths of the young couple but fate. After looking at the two viewpoints as to who was to blame for the deaths of the young couple, the countless references to fortune and fate make it easy to conclude that Fate was to a great extent responsible. It seems apparent that Shakespeare meant for his audience to interpret the happenings of the play as influenced by some higher power, and if fate really does control everything about our lives then it would be sensible to assume that the actions of all the characters in the play were also fated.

Problems of Process Control

Chemical Engineering Department Subject: Process Control for undereducated students Instructor: Dr. Karima Marogi Typical Questions & Answers Process Control Problems Problem (1) Solution a) Energy balance for the thermocouple, where m is mass of thermocouple C is heat capacity of thermocouple h is heat transfer coefficient A is surface area of thermocouple t is time in sec Substituting numerical values in (1) and noting that Taking Laplace transform, Problem (2) A thermometer having a time constant of 0. min is placed in a temperature bath and after the thermometer comes to equilibrium with the bath, the temperature of the bath is increased linearly with time at the rate of I deg C / min what is the difference between the indicated temperature and bath temperature (a) 0. 1 min (b) 10. min after the change in temperature begins. (c) What is the maximum deviation between the indicated temperature and bath temperature and when does it occurs. (d) plot the forcing function and the respo nse on the same graph. After the long enough time buy how many minutes does the response lag the input?Solution Consider thermometer to be in equilibrium with temperature bath at temperature (a) the difference between the indicated temperature and bath temperature Problem (3) Determine the transfer function H(s)/Q(s) for the liquid level shown in figure below Resistance R1 and R2 are linear. The flow rate from tank 3 is maintained constant at b by means of a pump; the flow rate from tank 3 is independent of head h. The tanks are non-interacting. Solution and balance on tank 3 gives writing the steady state equation Subtracting and writing in terms of deviation Taking Laplace transformsWe have three equations and 4 unknowns (Q(s),H(s),H1(s) and H2(s). So we can express one in terms of other. From (1) Combining equation 4,5,6 Problem (4) Determine Y (4) for the system response expressed by Problem (5) Heat transfer equipment shown in fig. consists of tow tanks, one nested inside the o ther. Heat is transferred by convection through the wall of inner tank. 1. Hold up volume of each tank is 1 ft3 2. The cross sectional area for heat transfer is 1 ft2 3. The overall heat transfer coefficient for the flow of heat between the tanks is 10 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF) 4. Heat capacity of fluid in each tank is 2 Btu/(lb)(oF) 5.Density of each fluid is 50 lb/ft3 Initially the temp of feed stream to the outer tank and the contents of the outer tank are equal to 100 oF. Contents of inner tank are initially at 100 oF. the flow of heat to the inner tank (Q) changed according to a step change from 0 to 500 Btu/hr. (a) Obtain an expression for the laplace transform of the temperature of inner tank T(s). (b) Invert T(s) and obtain T for t= 0,5,10, U Solution (a)For outer tank Substituting numerical values Now Ti(s) = 0, since there is no change in temp of feed stream to outer tank. Which gives For inner tank Problem (6)The input (e) to a PI controller is shown in the fig. Plot the output o f the controller if KC = 2 and XI = 0. 5 min Solution Problem (7) The thermal system shown in fig P 13. 6 is controlled by PD controller. Data; w = 250 lb/min; ? = 62. 5 lb/ft3; V1 = 4 ft3, V2=5 ft3; V3=6ft3; C = 1 Btu/(lb)(Â °F) Change of 1 psi from the controller changes the flow rate of heat of by 500 Btu/min. the temperature of the inlet stream may vary. There is no lag in the measuring element. (a) Draw a block diagram of the control system with the appropriate transfer function in each block. Each transfer function should contain a numerical values of the parameters. b) From the block diagram, determine the overall transfer function relating the temperature in tank 3 to a change in set point. (c ) Find the offset for a unit steo change in inlet temperature if the controller gain KC is 3psi/Â °F of temperature error and the derivative time is 0. 5 min. Fig. (1) (b) Problem (8) for the control shown, the characteristics equation is s 4 +4 s3 +6 s 2 +4 s +(1 + k) =0 (a) Determi ne value of k above which the system is unstable. (b) Determine the value of k for which the two of the roots are on the imaginary axis. Solution s 4 +4 s3 +6 s 2 +4 s +(1 + k) =0 For the system to be unstable

Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism Essay

1. Reaffirms that States must ensure any measure taken to combat terrorism, complies with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law not limited to, A. Torture, punishment and any other methods in which the condition of prisoners is worsened, B. Abuse of women and the use of child soldiers in order to create more man power; 2. Expresses serious concern at the occurrence of violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as of international refugee and humanitarian law, committed in the context of countering terrorism. 3. Also reaffirms the obligation of States, in accordance with article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to C. Respect certain rights as non-derogatory in any circumstances, recalls, in regard to all other Covenant rights, D. That any measures derogating from the provisions of the Covenant must be in accordance with that article in all cases, E. Underlines the exceptional and temporary nature of any such derogations, and in this regard calls upon States to raise awareness about the importance of these obligations among national authorities involved in combating terrorism; 4. Urges States, while countering terrorism: F. To fully comply with their obligations under international law, i. In particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, ii. With regard to the absolute prohibition of torture and cruelty, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment; G. To take all steps necessary to ensure that persons deprived of liberty, regardless of the place of arrest or detention, benefit from the guarantees to which they are entitled under international law, including the review of the detention and other fundamental judicial guarantees; H. To treat all prisoners in all places of detention in accordance with international law, including international human rights and humanitarian law; I. To protect all human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights, bearing in mind that certain counter-terrorism measures may have an impact on the benefits of these rights; J. To ensure that laws criminalizing acts of terrorism are accessible, formulated with precision, non-discriminatory, non-retroactive and in accordance with international law, including human rights law; K. To shape, review and implement of all counter-terrorism measures in accordance with the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination; 5. Welcomes the entry into force of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, L. The implementation of which will make a significant contribution in support of the rule of law in countering terrorism, M. Including by prohibiting places of secret detention, N. Encourages all States that have not yet done so to consider signing, ratifying or acceding to the Convention; 6. Calls upon the United Nations entities involved in supporting counter-terrorism efforts to continue to facilitate the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as due process and the rule of law, while countering terrorism; 7. Urges States, while ensuring full compliance with their international obligations, to ensure the rule of law and to include adequate human rights guarantees in their national procedures for the listing of individuals and entities with a view to combating terrorism; 8. Calls upon States and other relevant actors, as appropriate, to continue to implement the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, which, inter alia, reaffirms respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism; 9. Calls upon international, regional and sub-regional organizations to strengthen information-sharing, coordination and cooperation in promoting the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law while countering terrorism; 10. Urges relevant United Nations bodies and entities and international, regional and sub-regional organizations, including the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, within its mandate related to the prevention and suppression of terrorism, to step up their efforts to provide, upon request, technical assistance for building the capacity of Member States in the development and implementation of programs of assistance and support for victims of terrorism in accordance with relevant national legislation; 11. Encourages relevant United Nations bodies and entities and international, regional and sub-regional organizations, O. In particular those participating in the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, which provide technical assistance, upon request, consistent with their mandates, related to the prevention and suppression of terrorism, P. To step up their efforts to ensure respect for international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, as well as the rule of law, as an element of technical assistance, including the adoption and implementation of legislative and other measures by States; 12. Hopes to be actively engaged in this matter.

Atomic bomb in Hiroshima Essay

The 6th of August 1945 was a day that people will always remember with terror. On this day, an atomic bomb was used by the U.S. against Japan, in the city of Hiroshima. This was the first time in world history. Before this sad event, Japan and the U.S. were having conflicts with each other because Japan tried to invade parts of Europe and the Pacific. In an attempt stop Japanese aggressions, the U.S. decided to stop the sale of war materials, such as iron and oil, to Japan. This angered the Japanese, and after peacetalks failed, the Japanese made a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. After this attack, the U.S. declared war on Japan. The two nations fought until after both Atom bombs were dropped (Ellis, 381-382). Through the orders of U.S. President Harry Truman, 13 sq. km were deserted, 70, 000 of 76, 000 buildings were destroyed, more than 70, 000 people were instantly killed, 122, 000 died later, due to the effects of the bombings, and 246, 000 more were severely injured (Sà ¶hr, 2 ). In this essay I want to explain why I would not have bombed Hiroshima like Harry Truman did, although there might have been several reasons to justify his decision. Trumans main reason for dropping the bomb was that it was necessary to stop the war, since the only other way would have been an invasion of Japan which ,as he believed, would have caused an immense loss of lives on both sides. I believe it was not necessary, since war was already won in Europe, and the U.S. could now focus entirely on the war in the Pacific (Ellis, 381-382). The Japanese would have to surrender sooner or later anyway because the economy and military were totally destroyed, and there was no navy .The US had also set up a blockade that would prevent Japan from receiving any supporting materials, and the air force , or the remainder that still existed, was not able to fight the US-bombers (Sternal, 2). Therefore, there was no possibility for the Japanese to win or continue the war over a long period of time. Because the battle of Guadalcanal showed Truman that the Japanese were not going to surrender easily and would fight to their deaths, he claimed that  the bombing was justified by declaring that the bomb would save more lives than lost by a US invasion of Japan (Long, 2). This statement is only an assumption because nobody knew what the bombs effects were, since this was the first time somebody used it on humans. Another reason why this argument doesn’t justify Trumans decision is because he could not have known how many people would have died due to the fact that there never had been an invasion of Japan yet. Even if he could have known how many people would have died, I seriously doubt that he knew how many people the bomb would have killed as well, again, because this was the first usage of the weapon. Thirdly, even though the Japanese didn’t seem willing to surrender, there were several organisations who promised Japan would surrender if it be guaranteed that the nation should remain with the emperor as the main ruler. The US did not respond to this, but instead made the Potsdamer Declaration , which demanded instant unconditional surrender from Japan. At first the Japanese didn’t react, but on August 10th 1945, the government accepted the declaration and was willing to give in, when the US suddenly decided to accept the demands of the peacefighters in Japan. Through the acception of their demands, the Japanese peace fighters had a good reason to end the war (Long 2), following there was no need to throw the bomb and kill all the people. Another reason why the US dropped the bomb, which is often not mentioned because it displays the US in a â€Å"bad light†, is due to imperial rivalries. Although this attack had no influence on the further development of the war, except that the Japanese surrendered, (which they would have done anyway), it was very significant to the political development of the U.S.. The new weapon showed its main rival, the USSR, that the US had indirectly â€Å"won† the war, and also displayed the new power of the atom bomb. It’s hard to believe that it was a coincidence that the bomb was dropped when Stalin decided to get involved with Japan (Sà ¶hr, 2). Through this the US wanted to make clear to Russia that they were capable of defending their spheres of influence effectively. I think that the US was visioning Russia as a enemy rather than a ally. Truman described the war goals of the US as, â€Å"If we see that Germany  is winning, we should support Russia, but if Russia is winning we should support Germany and through this make them kill each other as much as possible†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sà ¶hr, 4). This does not only show that Truman didn’t care if Russia or Germany won, but was only interested in how the US benefited the most, which isn’t necessarily bad, but since the U.S. and Russia were suppose to be allies, America should have supported them instead of fighting against them. The US benefited from the atom bomb because now everybody, especially the USSR, knew how powerful they were. After the dropping of the atom bomb, Truman said the following, â€Å"Having found the bomb we have used it. We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor, against those who have starved and beaten and executed American prisoners at war, against those who have abandoned all pretense of obeying international laws of welfare†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Hiroshima: Was it necessary? 2). In this speech Truman lies. You can not forget that almost all the people in Hiroshima killed and injured by the bomb were civilians and definitely did not fit to his description. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor might have been a surprise, but was not intended to hurt civilians. And again, it was the first time the atom bomb was used, so nobody was informed about the consequences and the Japanese weren’t even warned that they were being used for the first â€Å"mission† of the atom bomb. Since all the above evidence shows me that the decision of President Harry Truman was a mistake, I think it is very sad that not one president has apologized to Japan yet. I believe the bomb was an act of revenge on Japan, rather than an act of necessity, done upon innocent civilians who had nothing to do with the war, but were merely used as â€Å"testing-objects.† The 6th of August 1945, also showed me that nations are able to use atomic weapons to display their power, and it can happen again. What makes the decision wrong, and the main reason why I would have decided differently, was the fact that the bomb was dropped over a city full of innocent people,  who were neither responsible for the actions of the government nor could they influence the treatment of soldiers in prison.

Land Use around the world

Land Use Around the World Created by Jennifer Papacy This assignment Involves you playing a game online, so you will have to open a separate browser or tab to access the website and have uninterrupted time and Internet access to complete. Make sure your read the assignment first to see what you need to focus on, as you will have to do a write up on what you observed. The website is www. Guessers. Com and you can play as many times as you want for freely Each game consists of 5 rounds of where you have to guess where in the world oh are, so play for a while to get used to the controls, and take your time to really explore the locations.Guessers uses the Google Road view imagery to drop you somewhere in the world where you can navigate and explore, and you have to guess where and then click on the world map on the right hand side(you can zoom in) and select exactly in the world where you think it is. It will then tell you how close you were, and then continue on to the next location, f or a total of five rounds per game. The point of this assignment is not to see how good you are at guessing, but to have oh examine land use differences In locations you are dropped Into.Make sure you have reviewed the chapter 12 concepts on land use so you can answer the following questions while demonstrating your knowledge and understanding of those concepts. Also make sure you write down exactly where you were for the assignment! Load the answers into the assignment by either cutting and pasting into the text box or uploading as a link. This is worth a maximum of 50 points, and you will be graded on completeness and demonstration of knowledge of concepts on land use and other lass concepts.After playing for a while, select and tell me the exact two locations you visited that have different land use patterns and compare and contrast in a mini paper/essay explaining if you think the areas have had good land use planning or not, and which area you would rather live and why. Answer at a minimum the following questions In the assignment and Incorporate concepts from the book and class on land use and other topics we have covered (water, energy, etc. ): Intensity of land use with descriptionDid they develop well with the landscape and resources (was it well planned or after the fact) Is area one of the following or something else, with reasons listed why: Suburb, Ribbon Sprawl, Leapfrog Development, Tract Development, urban, Rural, Slum, Farmland? Population Density? Economic factors- do you feel this area is affluent or not, why or why not? Aesthetic Issues? Transportation/infrastructure observed and overall condition Natural Resource condition- do you think the ecosystems are healthy there? What seems good, what seems degraded? Water resources adequate?Other resources? What do you think the ecological footprint of residents would be(low, mid high) and why? Would you live here, why or why not? What could be done to Improve land use planning In this area, or how would you have done It differently? For some of these questions you may have to make a judgment call but explain why you think what you did, I. E. Any evidence. Land Use around the world By Tweets This assignment involves you playing a game online, so you will have to open a internet access to complete. Make sure your read the assignment first to see what ere!Each game consists of 5 rounds of where you have to guess where in the world you examine land use differences in locations you are dropped into. Make sure you following questions in the assignment and incorporate concepts from the book and Suburb, Ribbon Sprawl, Leapfrog Development, Tract Development, Urban, Rural, here, why or why not? What could be done to improve land use planning in this area, or how would you have done it differently? For some of these questions you may have to make a Judgment call but explain why you think what you did, I. E. Any evidence.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act

In determining who the Act is for, the definition of ATSI people must be considered. As this Act does not provide a definition, a review of prior Australian legislative and common law definitions is therefore required. The definition of ATSI people has a long and contentious history in Australia. Even today, two very different definitions are concurrently in use. One, commonly found in Australian legislation, defines Aboriginals as a person who is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia. The second definition, a three-part test proposed in the early 1980’s by the Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs, identifies ATSI peoples as being ‘of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander descent who identify as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders and are accepted as such by the community in which they live. ’ The first definition becomes problematic as it fails to establish the sort of evidence required to satisfy it. Advances in the field of human genetics have concluded that there is no meaningful genetic or biological basis for the concept of ‘race’. The second definition presents its own problems, which arise when the Aboriginality of the community doing the accepting is thrown into question. Subsequent case law has further developed the definition of ATSI people, for example in Gibbs v Capewell (1995), Justice Drummond stated that ‘the less the degree of Aboriginal descent, the more important cultural circumstances become in determining whether a person is Aboriginal’. In Eatock v Bolt [2011], Bromberg J considered the extent to which each criteria in the three-part test needed to be deployed, stating that: â€Å"For some legislative purposes and in the understanding of some people, compliance with one or two of the attributes of the three-part test may be regarded as sufficient. † The currently favoured three-part definition may be considered an advancement over earlier colonial definitions of ATSI people, which comprised of derogatory terms such as â€Å"nobel savage† or â€Å"prehistoric beast†. The fact remains however within in Australia, only ATSI people are required to prove their identity. Furthermore, it is Australia’s legislature, comprising of mainly non-ATSI representatives, who are tasked with defining ATSI people, rather than ATSI peoples themselves. Who will benefit The question as to who this Act will benefit requires an examination of what the Act aims to achieve prior to the conclusion of its two year ‘sunset provision’, as well as the longer term aims to which the Act is directed. Parliament has acknowledged that the Act is only an interim step towards recognition of ATSI peoples in the Constitution, and that the Act is not intended to be a substitute for constitutional recognition itself. The Act provides for the recognition of ATSI people as Australia’s first occupants, acknowledges their continuing relationship with their traditional land and waters, and acknowledges ATSI people’s culture, language and heritage. The Act does not create any material or economic benefits for ATSI people. Rather, it aims at building political support for Constitutional reform. As the Australian Founding Fathers paid no attention at all to the position of the Australian aboriginal race, the Act may be of some benefit to the emotional wellbeing of ATSI people as it formally acknowledges their cultural heritage. However, due to the section 5 of the Act, which causes these to cease two years after its commencement, any such benefit will be temporary. Furthermore, as Parliament must hold a successful referendum to effect any Constitutional change, there remains a possibility that Parliament could fail to generate enough support for the amendments it proposes. In that case the Act would have been little, if any, lasting benefit. As Parliament is yet to propose any amendments to the Constitution, it remains unclear who will benefit in the longer term. PART B: Provisions to Bind Future Parliaments The Act provides a process for progressing constitutional recognition of ATSI people into the future. Section 4 (1) of the Act provides that the relevant minister must conduct a review of support for a referendum to recognize ATSI people in the Constitution within 12 months of the commencement of the Act. As the Act commenced in February 2012, and a Federal election is due for the same year, it is likely that this provision will take effect after the election. The question of whether this provision is binding on future Parliaments requires an examination of whether the Parliament has the power do so, and if it does, under what circumstances. Parliamentary Sovereignty Parliamentary sovereignty represents one of the twin pillars of British constitutional law, along with the rule of law, identified by the influential nineteenth century jurist, Alfred Venn Dicey (1835-1922). Dicey defined Parliamentary Sovereignty as essentially being â€Å"the power of lawmaking unrestricted by any legal limit† which gives Parliament â€Å"the right to make or unmake any law; whatever†. However, unlike the United Kingdom, the Australian Parliament is constrained by the Commonwealth Constitution and is therefore not absolutely sovereign In theory, there is a necessary limit to sovereignty. If Parliament were absolutely sovereign to pass any law whatsoever, it could pass laws limiting the power of its successors, and parliamentary sovereignty would be short-lived. In Australia, the general rule is that Parliament is not bound by a previous Parliament. This was supported by the majority in Kartinyeri, who concluded, as Brennan CJ and McHugh J put it, that â€Å"the power to make laws includes the power to unmake them†. Each new Parliament is therefore free to create new laws afresh. The notion that Parliament is not bound by prior legislation is further supported by the doctrines of express repeal and implied repeal. The doctrine of express repeal works on the proposition that a later act of Parliament can be enacted which expressly and clearly repeals an earlier act in its totality. The doctrine of implied repeal states that certain sections of an earlier act maybe accidently or impliedly repealed where the provisions of an earlier act are inconsistent with a later act. The Act in question is not binding of successor Parliaments, and may therefore be amended or repealed as Parliament sees fit. Manner and Form Provisions Australian Parliaments have on occasions sought to affect the power of their successors by imposing special requirements for the passing of some laws. These requirements, known as ‘manner and form’ provisions, are restrictive procedures. They restrict the legislative powers of the Parliament by requiring that laws on certain topics may only be enacted by a special and more difficult procedure. Probably the most common manner and form provision is the referendum requirement whereby, before royal assent is given to the bill, it must be approved by a majority of the electorate. Such a provision reconstitutes Parliament by adding an additional chamber, the electorate. This would provide a difficult hurdle for any future Parliament as only 8 of 44 referendums have been successful in Australia’s history. Although Parliament has not drafted this Act in a way which restricts its amendment or repeal, Parliament could do so by inserting manner and form provisions for this purpose. PART C: The Expert Panel Prior to drafting the Bill, the Federal Labor Government established an Expert Panel on constitutional recognition for ATSI people. Throughout 2011, the Panel engaged with thousands of Australians through submissions, consultations and meetings, to hear the views of a wide cross-section of the Australian community. In January 2012, the Panel published its report where it provided recommendations on the possible forms of constitutional recognition, along with constitutional amendments relating to racial non-discrimination. Constitutional background to this legislation The Australian ‘founding fathers’ paid no attention at all to the position of the ATSI peoples. The Constitution as originally framed in 1901 provided for the exclusion and the discriminatory treatment of the ‘aboriginal race’. There were only two references to ATSI people in the body of the original Australian Constitution: (a) Federal Parliament was denied power to make laws with respect to people of â€Å"the aboriginal race in any State†; and (b) Section 127 provided: â€Å"In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted. † The 1967 referendum, which did away with the discriminatory references in s 127 and amended s 51 (xxvi) to allow Parliament to make laws for ATSI people, was intended to be in the best interests of the Aboriginal people. However, in the case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998), which was the legal climax of a long political controversy, the majority of justices said that ‘for’ does not require the Parliament to legislate beneficially. The outcome meant that the Australian Parliament were empowered to enact laws that would not only benefit ATSI people, but also discriminate against them. And so, while the 1967 referendum made well-intentioned symbolic changes, the overall legal effect was that the discriminatory attitudes of the Constitution’s founders were retained. One of the principles agreed to by the Panel for its assessment of proposals for constitutional was that a proposal must be of benefit to and accord with the wishes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. It could therefore be argued that an Expert Panel, comprised not only of lawyers but prominent ATSI community members, carefully scrutinising the legal ramifications of any proposed constitutional amendments, will make it less likely that constitutional recognition would have unintended outcomes for ATSI people (as in Kartinyeri). Furthermore, Megan Davis, a member of the expert panel, stated that constitutional recognition – whether amendment of a race power or a non-discrimination clause – does not foreclose on the question of sovereignty. The above findings by the Panel, along with its widespread consultation with ASTI people, will undoubtedly play a significant role in addressing the concerns the Australia people may have in relation to the proposed referendum. [ 1 ]. Dr John Gardiner-Garden, Defining Aboriginality in Australia (3 February 2003) Social Policy Group . [ 2 ]. Ibid. [ 3 ]. See, eg, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 (Cth). [ 4 ]. Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Report on a Review of the Administration of the Working Definition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (1981), Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, cited in J Gardiner-Garden, The Definition of Aboriginality: Research Note 18, 2000–01 (2000) Parliament of Australia, 2. [ 5 ]. See above n 1. [ 6 ]. J Graves, The Emperor’s New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium (2001) Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. [ 7 ]. See above n 1. [ 8 ]. 54 FCR 503. [ 9 ]. FCA 1103 (28 September 2011). 10 ]. Michael Dodson ‘The End in the Beginning: Re(de)finding Aboriginality’ (Speech delivered at the Wentworth Lecture, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, 1994). [ 11 ]. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Act 2013 (Cth) s 5. [ 12 ]. Explanatory Memorandum, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Recognition Bill 2012 (Cth). [ 13 ]. Above n 11, s 3. [ 14 ]. Geoffrey Sawer, ‘The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigine’ (1966) 2 Federal Law Review 17. [ 15 ]. Australia Constitution s 128. [ 16 ]. Ibid. [ 17 ]. Above n 12. [ 18 ]. Sarah Joseph and Melissa Castan, Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View (Thomson Reuters, 3rd ed, 2010) 3. [ 19 ]. A V Dicey, The Introduction to The Study of the Constitution (Macmillan and Co, first published 1885, 1889 ed). [ 20 ]. Ibid. [ 21 ]. Above n 21. [ 22 ]. A Reilly, G Appleby, L Grenfell and W Lacey, Australian Public Law (Oxford University Press, 2011). [ 23 ]. Ibid. [ 24 ]. 152 ALR at [13]. [ 25 ]. See, eg, Vauxhall Estates, Ltd. v. Liverpool Corporation [1932] 1 KB 733. See also Ellen Street Estates Ltd. v. Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590 at 597. [ 26 ]. Ibid. [ 27 ]. Above n 24. [ 28 ]. Tony Blackshield and George Williams, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials (The Federation Press, 5th ed, 2010) 440. [ 29 ]. Ibid. [ 30 ]. Gerard Carney, ‘An Overview of Manner and Form in Australia’ (1989) 5 QUT Law Review 1. [ 31 ]. Ibid. [ 32 ]. Above n 32, 1340. [ 33 ]. Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians, Canberra, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution: Report of the Expert Panel (2012) . [ 34 ]. Geoffrey Sawer, ‘The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigine’ (1966) 2 Federal Law Review 17. 35 ]. Asmi Wood, ‘Constitutional Reform 2013: What are we trying to achieve? ’ (2012) 37 (3) Alternative Law Journal 156-160. [ 36 ]. Law Council of Australia, Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians, Discussion Paper (2011) 19. [ 37 ]. Australian Constitution s 51 (xxvi). [ 38 ]. Above n 18, 484. [ 39 ]. 195 CLR 337. [ 40 ]. Pet er Hanks Deborah Cass, Australian Constitution Law: Materials and Commentary (Butterworths, 6th ed, 1999). [ 41 ]. Commonwealth v Tasmania (1983) 158 CLR 1, 110 (Gibbs CJ). [ 42 ]. Above n 35, 158. [ 43 ]. Above n 33.